Release Notes > Heat Transfer Module

Heat Transfer Module
New and Improved Functionality in Version 5.2a
Time-dependent climate data for 6000+ stations (ASHRAE 2013)
A new section named Ambient Settings is now available in the settings of the heat transfer interfaces, for the definition of ambient variables (temperature, relative humidity, absolute pressure, wind velocity, and solar irradiance). These variables are defined once and available as inputs from several features for all of the interfaces in the Heat Transfer Module.
By default, the ambient variables are User defined. With the Heat Transfer license, the ambient variables can also be defined from typical time-dependent meteorological data (Ashrae, 2013). Several settings for the choice of location (among 6000+ stations worldwide), the time, and the ambient conditions are available.
The ambient variables are available as inputs in several features. For example, in the Heat Flux feature, the ambient temperature, ambient absolute pressure, and wind velocity can be used in the correlations defining the heat transfer coefficient of external forced convection over a plate.
Heat and Moisture Multiphysics coupling
A set of new interfaces and features is available for modeling coupled heat and moisture transport in building materials, by taking into account heat and moisture storage, latent heat effects, and liquid and convective transport of moisture. The heat and moisture coupling can model different moisture variation phenomena in building components, such as drying of initial construction moisture, condensation due to migration of moisture from outside to inside in summer, and moisture accumulation by interstitial condensation due to diffusion in winter.
The Heat and Moisture Transport interface is found under the Heat Transfer branch in the model wizard. It adds the Heat Transfer in Building Materials interface, the Moisture Transport interface, and the Heat and Moisture multiphysics node.
building MATERIAL model
The Building Material model is the default domain feature of the Heat Transfer in Building Materials interface. It is also available in any heat transfer interface when the Heat transfer in porous media property is selected.
This feature models porous media containing water and moist air following the partial derivative equations derived from EN 15026, Hygrothermal performance of building components and building elements - Assessment of moisture transfer by numerical, CEN, 2007.
The effective thermal properties are determined from the dry material properties and water content. In addition, a heat source or sink is determined from the moisture transfer and the latent heat of evaporation.
Moisture Transport interface
The Moisture Transport interface models moisture transfer. The default domain feature, Porous Medium, accounts for the moisture storage, capillary suction forces, and convective transport of vapor. Similarly to the Building Material feature, it implements partial derivative equations derived from EN 15026.
The Moisture Transport interface also provides features to define Moisture Source, Thin Moisture Barrier, Moisture Content, and Moisture Flux.
Heat Transfer in Thin Films and Fracture
Two new versions of the Heat Transfer in Thin Shells interface are available for the modeling of thin films and fractures.
The Heat Transfer in Thin Film interface and the Heat Transfer in Fractures interface are available under the Thin Structures group of the Heat Transfer branch in the model wizard.
They have the Thin Film and Fracture features as default boundary feature and have the same features available as the Heat Transfer in Thin Shells interface.
General formulation for thin film
A new option, the General thin film model, is available in the Thin Film feature. It provides a discretization of the temperature field through the film thickness. This new option defines an extra dimension to account for the temperature variations through the film thickness.
This formulation may be useful for applications such as bearings modeling or, more generally, when an accurate representation of the temperature profile in a film is needed, particularly in the presence of large heat sources or temperature differences at the film surfaces.
In addition, the former default option, a lumped model that accounts only for tangential gradients, is renamed Thermally thin approximation.
Sector symmetry condition for Surface-to-surface radiation
A new option, Sector of symmetry, is now available for 2D and 3D models in the Symmetry for Surface-to-Surface Radiation feature. It supports an arbitrary number of sectors and provides an option to define a reflection plane in each sector.
This option improves the computational efficiency by computing and storing view factors on only a sector of a geometry with symmetry. Consequently, the number of degrees of freedom of all variables should decrease accordingly.
Refactored Opacity feature
The Opaque subfeature (used for surface-to-surface radiation) available in previous versions under a restricted list of domain features — Solid (formerly Heat Transfer in Solids), Porous Medium (formerly Heat Transfer in Porous Media), and Biological Tissue — has been replaced by the Opacity feature under all main domain features. This includes Fluid (formerly Heat Transfer in Fluids), Phase Change Material (formerly Heat Transfer with Phase Change), Building Material, and Isothermal Domain.
The opacity is set by selecting either Transparent or Opaque in the settings of the feature.
Gravity feature
The Gravity property is available in the Single Phase Flow interface. When selected, it adds the Gravity feature to the application where it is possible to edit the Acceleration of the gravity definition. The Gravity feature defines a volume force due to the gravity in all the domains where the interface is active.
Two formulations are available to implement the fluid flow equation with gravity: the relative pressure formulation (default) and the reduced pressure formulation. When the relative pressure formulation is selected, features that use an external pressure or external total stress get an option to account for the hydrostatic pressure (incompressible flow) or for the hydrostatic pressure approximation (weakly compressible and compressible flow). When the reduced pressure option is selected, the flow equations are defined using the reduced pressure as a dependent variable. This is suitable in cases where the buoyancy force variations are small compared to the absolute value of the buoyancy forces.
Single-phase flow compressibility
The single-phase flow options have been revised. In COMSOL Multiphysics 5.2a, three compressibility options are now available: Incompressible flow, Weakly compressible flow, and Compressible (Ma<0.3).
When the Incompressible flow option is selected, the incompressible version of the flow equation, assuming that the velocity field is divergence free, is used. With this option, the density is evaluated at the Reference pressure level and at the Reference temperature defined in the fluid flow interface, which guarantee that the density is correct in most cases. The dynamic viscosity is also evaluated at the reference temperature. In addition, when a Non-Isothermal Flow multiphysics feature couples a heat transfer interface and a flow interface using the Incompressible flow option, the thermal material properties are also evaluated at the reference temperature.
When the Weakly compressible flow option is selected, the compressible version of the flow equation is used. However, the density is evaluated at the Reference pressure level defined in the fluid flow interface. The temperature dependency of the density is considered. This option is recommended in cases where the density has a very small dependency on the pressure, which does not significantly affect the results but may significantly increase the computational cost.
The Compressible flow (Ma<0.3) corresponds to the general formulation of the fluid flow equations. It does not assume any hypothesis on the density property.
Features and options name change
The names of the following domain features have been updated:
Heat Transfer in Solids is renamed Solid
Heat Transfer in Fluids is renamed Fluid
Heat Transfer in Porous Media is renamed Porous Medium
Heat Transfer with Phase Change is renamed Phase Change Material
Note: The names of the interfaces have not been changed.
The names of the following options have been updated:
The Conductive option of Thin Layer is renamed Thermally thin approximation
The Resistive option of Thin Layer is renamed Thermally thick approximation
The Overall heat transfer rate option in several flux and source conditions has been renamed Heat rate
Miscellaneous
The Non-Isothermal Flow multiphysics coupling is now compatible with the Phase Change Material.
The Pressure Work subfeature is now available for heat transfer in porous media.
When Solar position is selected in External Radiation Source, the new option, Update time from solver, automatically updates the time used to evaluate the solar position in transient studies. The time from the user input corresponds to the time for t = 0.
The Heat Source subfeature under Pair Thin Film and Pair Fracture has been changed into a pair feature, named Pair Heat Source. This allows you to define its selection from a pair and ensures that the Heat Rate option works as expected when the source and destination boundaries of the pair are not in contact on their entire surfaces.
The Discrete ordinate method with Constant discretization level is now supported for all kinds of mesh elements: Support for pyramidal elements has been added. In addition, the GUI has been updated to hide the Constant discretization level when P1 approximation is selected, since it was not a valid choice.
There is added support for side temperatures when Diffuse Surface, Diffuse Mirror, and Prescribed Radiosity features contribute to Thin Layered Shell.
There are new postprocessing variables for dew point temperature and equivalent temperature when Moist Air is used as the Fluid type or when the Building Material feature is active.
The implementation of the Thin Rod feature has been revised in order to increase its numerical stability.
The following functions, fpsat, fc, fxvap, feb, and fIb have been updated to be compatible with all unit systems.
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In addition, the properties for the Prostate material have been updated.